History of the Saudi Kingdom and the Saudi Dynasty (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia)
1. The First Saudi State
The oldest known man of the Saud family, Mani Ibn Rabia, was El Muraydi, and between 1446-1447 he settled in the city of Diriyah with his tribe Murudah. The Rabbi arm of the Adnanian tribe who lived in the Necid region historically comes from the arm. Over time, Murudah tribe became the manager of the city of Diriyah.
The First Saud State, founded by Muhammad Bin Suud in 1744, was influenced by the lands of today's modern Saudi Arabian kingdom, and began to attack Yemen, Oman, Syria and Iraq. These attacks carried religious traces and were made by those who were inspired by the teachings of Islamic knowledge of Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahab and his followers. Then the Saudis played a prominent role in the group called Vahhabiler.
In the first Saudi State, the president was named "Imam" and Abdulaziz, the eldest son of the First Imam, Muhammad Bin Saud, watched. Abdulaziz, who began his career in 1765, attacked 10,000 people to the city of Karbala, which was considered sacred to the Shiites in 1802. He destroyed Hussein's turbine, killed 2,000 people and plundered the city.
Karbala attack The Ottomans and the Egyptians convinced the Saudis that the region threatened the peace environment. Abdulaziz was killed by an assassination in 1803. Suud succeeded Abdülaziz, who brought the state to the widest limits, then died in 1814. With the Ottoman-Egyptian alliance, these lands were withdrawn from the Saudis, and Abdullah bin Saud, who took the lead, gave a struggle to take back the lands he lost. The Egyptian forces seized the Suudi Bashkir Diriyah in 1818, Abdullah bin Saud was arrested and sent to Istanbul and executed. Abdullah bin Suud's family members were imprisoned in Egypt and Istanbul and the city of Diriyah was cleaned.
2. Second Saudi State
In 1818, the Saudis reestablished in the Najid region and established the Second Saudi State, which was the capital Riyadh. The second, compared to the first Saudi State, was influential in a narrower area, and did not dominate the Hijaz region. This state has mostly struggled with internal disturbances. Turki Bin Abdullah, the grandson of Muhammad bin Abdullah, the founder of the first Saudi State, succeeded in getting rid of the Egyptians and took Riyadh and its surroundings back from the Egyptians and became the founder of the second state.
Bin Bin Abdullah was killed by cousin Mishari Bin Abdulrahman in 1834, but himself was besieged in Riyadh and killed by Faisal, the son of Turki Bin Abdullah. After four years, the Egyptians attacked the area of Riyadh again and in 1838 Faisal was again imprisoned. Later, the Ottoman State appointed Khalid Bin Suud as Governor of Riyadh. Khalid Bin Suud was the only living Brother of Faisal and spent many years in prison in Egypt. In 1840 the Egyptians had to withdraw from the region and they could not provide Khalid with the necessary support. Khalid was taken over by Abdullah Bin Thunniyyan, a member of the Thunnian branch of the Suud family. A year later, Faisal was released by Egypt. Faysal gathered the forces of Riyadh with the forces he gathered and appointed his son Abdullah as the crown prince. Subsequently, the region divided its sons between Abdullah, Saud and Abdul-Rahman.
After the death of Faysal in 1865, the fighting started between his sons and Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Rashid from Al-Rashid tribe from the Hail area, who knew this opportunity intervened in the area and in 1891, during the Battle of Mulayda, Abdul-Rahman bin Faisal, the last son of Faisal, and put an end to the Second Saudi State.
3. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Abul-Rahman bin Faisal moved to Kuwait with his family after the defeat of the Magistrate, and Kuwait's mandate was accepted as the guest of Mubarak E-Sabah. In 1902, Abdulaziz, the son of Abdul-Rahman bin Faisal, overthrew the Valais of Riyadh, appointed by Ibn Rashid, and took over the administration.
Abdulaziz fought Al-Rashid tribe, Makkah sheriff and Ottomans and his uncle Saud Bin Faisal for the next 30 years. Abdülaziz, also known as "Ibn Saud", accepted the sovereignty of the Ottoman Sultan and took the title of "Pasha" but formed an alliance with the English. He accepted the rule of the British Empire between 1915-1927 and the Darin Agreement of 1915 with the British. In 1932 Abdulaziz named himself "King of Saudi Arabia", calling himself the "Necid Sultan", "Hicaz, Necid and the king of the surroundings" and "Imam". In 1937, American researchers found that there were rich oil resources in the Dammam region, before this date the Suud family was in a great absence.
Ibn Saud married many times throughout life, marrying members of the tribes of Beni Khalid, Ayman, Shammar, and El-Isshawh (the grandchildren of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab) around him. Ibn Saud consolidated his alliance with the United States in 1945 before he died in 1953.
Ibn Saud died in 1953, and then the son of the throne Saud. However, the excessive expenditures made by Saud confront him with his brother Faisal. In 1964, the royal family forced Saud to renounce Faisal. In the process, a group of princes, led by Ibn Saud's younger sons, Talal Bin Abdulaziz, called themselves "Free Prince" and settled in Egypt. They were advocating liberalization and freedom. Then when Faisal came to the throne, he convinced them to return. They were forgiven, but themselves and their sons were deprived of coming to any position in the future in the future.
Faysal was killed by his cousin Faysal Bin Musaid in 1975, and Faysal bin Musaid was executed immediately. His wooden brother Khalid passed. His other and only brother, Mohammed, gave up his claim to the throne and declared that he had renounced the throne from Khalid. Khalid died of a heart attack in 1982. The throne was the oldest of the brothers, "Foolish Suddenly", one of the most powerful princes of the time. These seven brothers were born from Hassa Bint Ahmad al-Sudayri, the most popular wife of Ibn Saud, for the so-called "Sudayri Yediliği". These princes, which are called "Sudayri Yediliği", are named Fahd, Sultan, Abdul Rahman, Nayef, Türki, Salman and Ahmed. In 1986, Fahd gave him the title "Protector of Two Holy Maschids".
When Fahd was paralyzed in 1995, all powers and responsibilities were passed on to Abdullah gradually until Fahd's death in 2005. In 2009, Abdullah appointed the younger brother, Sultan, to the Ministry of Defense and to the office of the Second Prime Minister. Sultan died in 2011. Again in 2009, his brother Nayef was appointed to the Ministry of Interior. Nayef died in Switzerland in 2012. By the year 2015, after a long illness Abdullah died and crown prince Salman Bin Abdulaziz was declared the new king.
4. The Political Power of the Royal Family
The Saudi Kings are descended from Muhammad Bin Suud. In the country, the king has legislative, executive and judicial functions, is in charge of the Prime Ministry and chairs the Council of Ministers.
The fact that the family is crowded allows the members of the family to carry out important duties of the kingdom and that the family can become a judge in every step of the administration. Today, there are about 7,000 princes, of which 200 boys of King Abdul Aziz are at the forefront of the country's main governing bodies. Members of the Council of Ministers are mainly elected members of the Royal family. Also, according to the Royal Decree published in 2006, the Saudi Kings will be selected by the committee formed by the Prince of Saudi.
The Suud Royal Family has passed through three stages since the past: the first Saudi State, the second Saudi State and the present Saudi Arabian Kingdom.
The first Saudi State has emerged with the spread of Wahhabism, the Second Saudi State has had continuous internal conflicts, and the third day Saudi Arabia has had a serious impact on the Middle East. The Suudi family has been living and fighting with many Islamist groups inside and outside of Saudi Arabia, including the Ottoman State, the Mecca Sheriff, and the Al-Rashid family.
Today, Suud's surname Muhammad Bin Suud and his brothers Thunayyan are used by the descendants of Farhan and Mishari. While the other branches of the Suud family are in effective positions in government, they do not have a say in the Kingdom of the Kingdom of Saudi.
The king has absolute political power as head of the state. The king has the authority to appoint ministers in his cab. The most important ministries, the Ministry of Defense, Interior and Foreign Affairs, are divided into the Suud family. In addition, the governorates in the country, which is divided into 13 regions, are mostly given to the Suud family. Ministries in the fields of Finance, Labor, Information, Planning, Petroleum and Industry are traditionally outsourced and can be given to young Suudi princes. Critical military assignments are also assigned to the Suud family. The royal family needs the support of the jurisdiction, trade groups and the vast majority of the population to protect the current political status quo.
The appointments made to political and administrative tasks are long term. King Abdullah, for example, held the presidency of the National Security Council between 1963 and 2010, while Prince Sultan remained in charge of the Ministry of Defense and Aviation from 1962 until his death in 2011. Prens Mutain Between 1975 and 2009, the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Services, Prince Nayef, the Ministry of Interior, between 1975 and 2012, the King Selman on the throne, and the Governor of Riyadh Region between 1963 and 2011. Long-term tasks have led princes to increase their personal fortunes and to establish their own feudal lords.
The princes, who were in office, preferred to preserve their power by appointing their sons to high positions. For example, Prince Mutaib Bin Abdullah served as Deputy Chairman of the National Security Council, Prince Mohammad Bin Nayef, Deputy Interior Minister, and Prince Khalid Bin Sultan, Deputy Defense Minister until 2013. Prince Mansur Bin Mutaib was brought to the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Services in 2009 instead of his father. In this respect, the tasks in the ministries with rich benefits and extensive opportunities are shared within the family.
5. Short Biography of the members of the Saudi royal family
The thrones of the crown of the Kingdom of the Kingdom of Saudi and the time of the throne of the kings are shown in the chart below. The founder of the kingdom has continued since King Abdulaziz bin Saud through the sonship of the kingdom, from brother to brother. Prince Salman was king on January 22, 2015, and the next candidate was Crown Prince Muhammad bin Nayif. The names "Ibn" and "Bin" in the names of members of the royal family bear the same meaning, and the first name refers to the second name "son". The only difference between the titles "Ibn" and "Thousand" is that they can come at the head of the "Ibn" title (eg Ibn Saud: Son of Suud), not at the head of the "Thousand" title.
King Abdulaziz Bin Suud (1876-1953): He was on the throne for 21 years from 1932 to his death in 1953.
King Suud Bin Abdulaziz (1902-1969): He remained on the throne for 11 years between 1953 and 1964, until he was overthrown by his brother Faisal.
King Faisal Bin Abdulaziz (1904-1975): He was on the throne for 11 years between 1964 and 1975, until he was killed by the cousin Faysal bin Musaid.
King Khalid Bin Abdulaziz (1912-1982): Between 1975 and 1982, he lived for 7 years until his death.
King Fahd bin Abdulaziz (1921-2005): He was on the throne for 23 years between 1982 and 2005, until his death.
King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz (1924-2015): He lived for 10 years between 2005 and 2005 until his death. In 2012, Prince Salman, born in 1936, and Prince Mukrin, born in 1945, were appointed crown prince.
Apart from these, the princes who are appointed as the crown prince but can not be the King:
Crown Prince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz (1924-2011): He was appointed crown prince in 2005 but died in 2011.
Crown Prince Talal Bin Abdulaziz (1931-) was thought to be unbalanced and sent to exile for criticizing the Saudi family in the 1960s. He's alive right now.
Crown Prince Nayef (1933-2012): He was appointed crown prince in 2011 but died a year later.
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